• Listen

  What it means

  Literally “and the like” or “and similar things.” Used at the end of a list to indicate that more items of the same kind could be added without spelling them all out. It is the formal equivalent of “etc.” in Polish, slightly more elevated than “i tak dalej” (and so on). Common in both written and spoken Polish.

  Vocabulary

  • i — and
  • tym — this/that (instrumental/dative of 'to')
  • podobne — similar things (neuter plural adjective used as noun)

  Grammar note

  'Tym' is the instrumental singular form of the demonstrative pronoun 'to' (this/that). 'Podobne' is an adjective used substantively in the nominative plural neuter form, meaning 'similar things.' The phrase is invariable and always appears in this exact grammatical form.

  Cultural context

  Widely used in academic, professional, and everyday contexts. More formal than 'i tak dalej' or the abbreviation 'itd.' Appears frequently in official documents, lectures, and formal speech. English equivalents: 'and the like,' 'and similar things,' 'etc.'

  Beginner

Noticed a typo, a wrong translation, or anything that doesn't look right? We'd love to fix it — just let us know via the contact page. Thank you!